Click here for a Workbook to go along with this lesson. This Lesson is also available in Español Jump to: Vocabulary Adding ~도 to a Clause: ~기도 하다 Vocabulary Click on the English word to see information and examples of that word in use. Use these sentences to give yourself a feel for how each word can be used, and maybe even to expose yourself to the grammar that you will be learning shortly. A
PDF file neatly presenting these words and extra information can be found here. Nouns: The pronunciation of this word is closer to “어걍” Notes: 사투리 (dialect) and 억양 (accent)
are a little bit different. If you speak Korean with a 사투리, you probably come from a different part of the country and use different words and even sentence endings compared to the people in Seoul. It may be incomprehensible to a person in Seoul to hear a 사투리 of Korean. For example, the equivalent to “먹었어” in the Jeju dialect could be “먹언” – something that is incomprehensible to a person in Seoul. However, an 억양 is more about the pronunciation of words being different. For example, a
foreigner speaking Korean will most likely have a different “억양” compared to the native Korean speakers. Examples: 유럽 사람들이 쓰는 영어 억양의 개수를 세기도 하고 비교하기도 했어요 빚 =
debt The pronunciation of this word is closer to “빋” Common Usages: Examples: 사고 싶은 것이 많아서 빚이 없었으면 좋겠어요 빗 = comb The pronunciation of this word is closer to “빋” Common Usages: Examples: 백화점에서 구매한 빗이 질이 좋아서 아직까지 쓰고 있어요 솔 = brush Notes: “솔” is not usually used to refer to a brush that one would use to “brush” his/her hair. When brushing your hair, the word “빗” or “브러쉬” would be used. “솔” is typically used to
refer to a brush that is used for cleaning. Common Usages: Examples: 치약 = toothpaste Common Usages: Examples: 칫솔 = toothbrush The pronunciation of this word is closer to “치쏠” Notes: This word contains a 사이시옷. For information about this, see Lesson 131. Examples: 화학 = chemistry Common Usages: Examples: 철학 = philosophy Common Usages: Examples: 아르키메데스는 철학을 가르치기도 하고 중요한 발명품을 발명하기도 했어요 가죽 = leather, animal skin Common Usages: Examples: 그 남자가 악어가죽신발을 신고 있어서 못생겨 보이지 않아요? 악어 =
alligator, crocodile The pronunciation of this word is closer to “아거” Notes: Korean people typically don’t distinguish between alligators and crocodiles. I know they are different, but most people in the world don’t. You can specifically refer to a crocodile with the word “크로커다일.” Common Usages: Examples: 악어를 실제로 볼 수 있는 곳이 한국에는 동물원밖에 없어요 크로커다일과 악어는 비슷하게 생겨서 구분하기 힘들어요 발명품 = invention Examples: 발명품을 완성하자마자 그 과학자는 특허를 냈어요 아르키메데스는 철학을 가르치기도 하고 중요한 발명품을 발명하기도 했어요 스타일 = style Common Usages: Examples: 향수 = perfume Common Usages: Examples: 제가 나갈 때 가끔 향수를 뿌리기도 하고 가끔 안 뿌리기도 해요 코 = nose Common Usages: Examples: 계절이 바뀔 때마다 알레르기가 있는 사람들은 코가 간지러워져요 콧구멍 = nostril The pronunciation of this word is closer to “코꾸멍” Notes: This word contains a 사이시옷. For information about this, see Lesson 131. Common Usages: Examples: 양파 = onion Notes: The word for a green onion is just “파” Common
Usages: Examples: 양말 = socks Common Usages: Examples: 틈 = crack Notes: This word refers to a crack (an small open space), but it can also refer to a “chance” or “opportunity” as it refers similarly to a small open space. For example, imagine you want to eat a cookie, but your father is in the kitchen and he won’t let you. However, the moment he goes to the bathroom, you have your “chance” to eat the cookie. This “chance” is like a crack in your father’s watch that you slip into to grab a cookie. Common Usages: Examples: 선생님이 저를 안 보는 틈에 저는 몰래 교실
밖으로 나왔어요 현관문 바닥에 작은 틈이 있어서 이를 막으려고 테이프를 붙였어요 시설 = facilities Notes: At the school that I work at, there are a bunch of men who have the job of fixing any broken things around the school. The school refers to these men as “시설 관리인” which I would translate to “facility custodians.” Common Usages: Examples: 새로 지어진 공원에 운동 시설이 매우 좋아서 많은 사람들이 거기에서 운동을 해요 서울에는 많은 문화생활을 즐길 수 있는 시설이 많은 반면에 서쪽 지역에는 문화생활을 즐길 수 있는 시설이 거의 없어요 개수 = the number of things The pronunciation of this word is closer to “개쑤” Notes: “개” refers to (and is a counter for) a thing, and “수” refers to a number. You can see a similar word in 명수 where “명” refers to (and is a counter for) people. Common Usages: Examples: 유럽 사람들이 쓰는 영어 억양의 개수를 세기도 하고 비교하기도 했어요 명수 = the number of people Notes: “명” refers to (and is a counter for) people, and “수” refers to a number. You can see a
similar word in 개수 where “개” refers to (and is a counter for) things. Common Usages: Examples: 각 반마다 명수를 세서 도시락을 총 몇 개 준비할지 알아봤어요 대화 = conversation Common Usages: Examples: 친구들끼리는 반말을 쓰고, 어른들과 대화를 할 때는 존댓말을 써요 저도 일본에 있을 때 더듬거리며 일본어 하는 외국인과 대화를 나누게 되었다면 매우 기뻐서 발음이 이상하든 문법이 엉터리든 “일본어 잘 하시네요~”라고 해요 Verbs: The pronunciation of this word is closer to “빋따” Common Usages: Examples: 머리를 묶기 전에 빗으로 잘 빗어주면 더 예쁜 머리를 할 수 있어요 비교하다 = to compare The noun form of this word (“비교”) translates to “a comparison.” 비교하다 can be used simply in sentences to mean “to compare” with ~와, ~과, ~랑, ~이랑 or ~하고 attached to the noun that the object is being compared with For example: 저를 그 사람과 비교하지 마세요 = Don’t compare me
with that person You can use the grammatical principles like ~(으)면 or ~아/어서 to create sentences that say “if/when one compares.” For example: 저를 그 사람과 비교하면 저는 더 똑똑해 보여요 이 차를 BMW와 비교하면 이 차는 훨씬 싸요 이 베개를 저것과 비교하면 이 베개가 훨씬 부드러워요 다른 건강 식품과 비교하면 인삼이 몸에 더 좋아요 발명하다 = to invent Common Usages: Examples: 발명품을 완성하자마자 그 과학자는 특허를 냈어요 아르키메데스는 철학을 가르치기도 하고 중요한 발명품을 발명하기도 했어요 끓이다 = to boil The pronunciation of this word is closer to “끄리다” Common Usages: Examples: 제가 된장찌개를 끓일 때마다 할머니께서 맛있게 드셔요 국을 끓일 때 조개를 넣어서 육수를 내면 국물이 더욱 맛있어요 솔질하다 = to brush Examples: 약을 바르고 구두를 솔로 잘 손질하면 구두가 반짝거려요 진학하다 = to enter a school The pronunciation of this word is closer to “진하카다” Common Usages: Examples: 세다 = to count Common
Usages: Examples: 각 반마다 명수를 세서 도시락을 총 몇 개 준비할지 알아봤어요 이 바구니 안에 들어 있는 공의 개수를 정확히 맞추면 선물을 줘요 학교가 끝나고 나는 매우 행복했다. ‘집에 가면 맛있는 케이크와 음식이 있겠지?’. 기쁜 마음으로 집에 도착했다. 그리고 숫자 3을 셌다. 사과하다 = to apologize The noun form of this word (“사과”) translates to “an apology.” Common Usages: Examples: 그 사람이 내가 무례하다고 생각할까 봐 그에게 사과했어요 학생은 친구한테 돈을 돌려주기도 했고 선생님께 사과하기도 했어요 뿌리다 = to sprinkle Common Usages: Examples: 지금 뿌리는 것이 농약이 아니라 그냥 물이에요 중국 사람들은 소금을 뿌리는 것 대신에 음식에 간장을 써요 제가 나갈 때 가끔 향수를 뿌리기도 하고 가끔 안 뿌리기도 해요 끓다 = to be boiling
The active form of this word is “끓이다” (to boil) Common Usages: Examples: 물이 끓기 시작하면 불을 끄고 찻잎을 넣으면 맛있는 차가 돼요 Adjectives: Examples: 미묘하다 = to be subtle Common Usages: Examples: 두 식당의 음식을 비교했지만 맛의 차이가 미묘하기도 하고 가격이 비슷하기도 했어요 불행하다 = to be unhappy The noun form of this word (“불행”) translates to “unhappiness.” Common Usages: Examples: 손님이 불행에 찬 눈으로 주인을 봤어요 그 모든 불행한 일을 겪고도 미소를 그렇게 자주 짓는 것은 어렵지 않아요 밉다 = for somebody to piss you off for somebody to piss you off The pronunciation of this word is closer to “밉따” Notes: This word is most commonly said by itself (usually by younger people) when they are annoyed or mad at somebody in a cute joking way – especially among grade school students simply as “미워!” Examples: For help memorizing these words, try using our Memrise tool. There are 625 vocabulary entries in Unit 3. All entries are linked to an audio file. Introduction At the very beginning of Unit 2, you learned about the ~는 것 principle over the course of many lessons. In these lessons, you learned how to change verbs, adjectives and entire clauses into nouns by adding ~는 것, ~기 or ~ㅁ/음. In this lesson, you will learn another practical application of ~기 in Korean sentences by using ~기도 하고 ~기도 하다. Let’s get started. Adding ~도 to a Clause: ~기도 하다 Way back in Lesson 4, you learned how to attach ~도 to nouns to add the meaning of “as well” or “too” to the noun it is attached to. For example: 저는 화학도 가르쳐요
= I teach chemistry too (in addition to other subjects) Adding ~도 to a simple noun like this is very easy, and I am sure you are comfortable doing it by now. It is also possible to add ~도 to other parts of speech, including verbs and adjectives that have been changed to their respective noun forms. To see a long list of other ways ~도 can be used, you might want to also check out Lesson 107. In Lesson 29, you learned that you can attach ~기 to verbs or adjectives. In Lesson 29, you saw some common and specific ways that ~기 can be used in Korean. For example: It is often used to say that one doesn’t like, or doesn’t want to do something: It is often used to say that one starts an action: We can apply the meaning of ~도 to verbs or adjectives that have been changed to their respective noun-forms using ~기. Let’s look at how we can do this. Look at the following sentences/clauses: 그녀가 예쁘다 = She is pretty We can turn those clauses into nouns by attaching ~기 to the predicating adjective or verb: 그녀가 예쁘기 By attaching ~도 to ~기, you are indicating that the clause also occurs in addition to some other clause. For example: 그녀가 예쁘기도… Those constructions are not sentences yet – they’re technically just a clause in noun-form. In order to turn them into actual sentences, 하다 is typically used as a predicating verb. For example: 그녀가 예쁘기도 해요 = She is pretty too Make sure that you are aware of the function and meaning of ~도 – and the meaning that it can create depending on the noun it is attached to. Remember that only the noun that ~도 is attached to is the noun that carries the meaning. Look at these examples: 그녀도 예뻐요 = She too is pretty 그녀가 예쁘기도 해요 = She is pretty too ——————————– 나도 밥을 먹었어 = I too ate rice 내가 밥도 먹었어 = I ate rice too 내가 밥을 먹기도 했어 = I ate rice too ——————————– Let’s look at the two sentences that we have created so far: 그녀가 예쁘기도 해요 = She is pretty too These two are perfect sentences, but would probably not be said on their own with no prior context. In order for these sentences to be appropriate, they would usually have to be prefaced (by you, or by somebody else) with some other action or description. This is the same in English. You would never just walk into a room and randomly say: “She is pretty too” In order for this clause to be appropriate, somebody would have had to be talking about her other traits. For example: Person 1: 그녀가 매우 똑똑하고 친절해요 = She is very smart and kind Here are some other examples. Notice that I am providing examples in the form of a (short) dialogue so you can see that these types of sentences need some kind of underlying context: Person 1: 우리 학교에서 많은 학생들이 대학교에 진학해요 Person 1: 그 사람은 직업이 없어서 돈이 전혀 없어요 Person 1:
그 남자가 악어가죽신발을 신고 있어서 못생겨 보이지 않아요? In these examples, we see that some prior context is needed to make these sentences appropriate. It is also possible for one person to talk about multiple actions or descriptions, which would eliminate the need for prior context when using ~기도 하다. I will talk about this in the next section. Stressing Two Actions or Descriptions: ~기도 하고 ~기도 하다 If you wanted to create a sentence with ~기도 without having to preface it with prior context, you could talk about two things in one sentence. In order for this to be done, ~기도 하다 is sometimes used twice in the same sentence. Let’s look at how this can be created. If I wanted, I could simply say: 그녀가 예쁘고 똑똑해요, which would translate to “She is pretty and smart.” The speaker could also stress that “she is pretty, and smart too” by attaching ~기도 하다 to both 예쁘다 and 똑똑하다. The two clauses can be separated by ~고. For example: 그녀가 예쁘기도 하고 똑똑하기도 해요 = She is pretty, and smart too As an English speaker, you would look at the Korean sentence and think that the extra ~기도 is unnecessary. In English, we would not say “She is pretty too, and smart too.” However, in Korean, this is a common way to make these types of sentences. It might be good for you if we compare these types of sentences with a more simple sentence. I’d like to discuss the following two sentences. 제가 치약과 칫솔을 샀어요 = I bought toothpaste and a toothbrush The idea of both of those sentences is the same. In both examples, the end result is that the speaker bought toothpaste and a toothbrush. In most cases, ~기도 하고… ~기도 하다 is used to emphasize that both actions (or descriptions) happened. Therefore, although both sentences above would be correct, I can’t really imagine that the second example would be very common. Only in cases where the speaker wanted to specifically emphasize that the action of “buying toothpaste” and “buying a toothbrush” occurred. For example, maybe if somebody asked “Did you go to the store and only buy a toothbrush?” Here are some more examples: 양파를 썰기도 하고 물을 끓이기도 했어요 끝없이 일을 하면 제가 불행하기도하고 힘들기도 해요 아르키메데스는 철학을 가르치기도 하고 중요한 발명품을 발명하기도 했어요 유럽 사람들이 쓰는 영어 억양의 개수를 세기도 하고 비교하기도 했어요 두 식당의 음식을 비교했지만 맛의 차이가 미묘하기도 하고 가격이 비슷하기도 했어요 It’s also possible to conjugate the first 하다 (but not the word immediately before ~기) to match the tense of the final 하다. For example: 양파를 썰기도 했고 물을 끓이기도 했어요 = I chopped onions and boiled water too 유럽 사람들이 쓰는 영어 억양의 개수를 세기도 했고 비교하기도 했어요 = I counted as well as compared the number of English accents used by European people I’ve discussed the conjugation of this first하다 (comparing it to a non-conjugated 하다) with many Korean people. I’ve never had a Korean person be able to distinguish these for me. Even when I’ve asked a Korean person to describe any difference in feeling between the two, I’ve always been told that they are identical. ——————————— Depending on the situation, sentences with ~기도 하고… ~기도 하다 can be used to indicate that “sometimes one action is done, and sometimes another action is done.” For example, if we look at the following sentence: 제가 피자를 먹을 때 콜라랑 먹기도 하고 물이랑 먹기도 해요 In this sentence, the speaker is probably not saying that he/she eats pizza with both cola and water, but rather sometimes one option is done, and sometimes the other option is done. I always try to make distinctions between usages to make it easier for a learner to grasp. Originally, I tried distinguishing this usage with the usage I discussed previously (where ~기도 하고 ~기도 하다 stresses that both options occur). However, I feel that their usages cannot be distinguished, and the difference in meaning/feeling can only be done through context. For example, if we look at this sentence that I showed you earlier: 양파를 썰기도 하고 물을 끓이기도 했어요 I was discussing this sentence with my wife, and I incorrectly assumed that this sentence would only be able to mean that the speaker “chopped onions and boiled water too.” I incorrectly assumed that this sentence would never be able to mean “sometimes I chop onions and sometimes I boil water.” I thought to myself “when would anybody ever need to express this?” My wife immediately came up with an example, saying “maybe you were working at a restaurant, and somebody asks if you only poured drinks – at which point you could say ‘no, I sometimes cut onions and sometimes boiled water.’” Therefore, I prefer to not separate these two meanings and consider them all a part of the same usage. As always in Korean, context can help you distinguish between subtle differences in meaning. You can see this same ambiguity in an English sentence as well. For example, if I said the following: “When we used to meet, we used to watch movies and have dinner too” In this sentence, is the speaker indicating that he had dinner and watched a movie on the same date? Or is he indicating that sometimes he had dinner, and sometimes he watched a movie? This is similar to the ambiguity that we are creating in our Korean sentences. Context, however, can clear up any ambiguity. Here are some other examples that I have translated to have the “sometimes I… and sometimes I…” meaning: 저는 그 친구를 좋아하기도 하고 싫어하기도 해요 저는 아침에 차를 마시기도 하고 커피를 마시기도 해요 제가 나갈 때 가끔 향수를 뿌리기도 하고 가끔 안 뿌리기도 해요 남편을 많이 사랑하지만 가끔 밉기도 하고 귀찮기도 해요 저는 화요일에 테니스를 치기도 하고 배드민턴을 하기도 해요 우리가 만났을 때 밥을 같이 먹기도 했고 영화를 보기도 했어요 That’s it! There
are 1200 example sentences in Unit 3. Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson! Or |